{"id":26910,"date":"2022-06-11T07:18:22","date_gmt":"2022-06-11T05:18:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/?page_id=26910"},"modified":"2022-06-11T07:36:06","modified_gmt":"2022-06-11T05:36:06","slug":"mark-twain","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/auteurs\/mark-twain\/","title":{"rendered":"Mark Twain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;15&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column]<blockquote class=' with_quote_icon' style=''><i class='fa fa-quote-right' style=''><\/i><h5 class='blockquote-text' style=''>De tous mes livres, je pr\u00e9f\u00e8re celui sur Jeanne d\u2019Arc. C\u2019est le meilleur \u00e0 mon sens et je le connais par c\u0153ur. De plus, il m\u2019a procur\u00e9 sept fois plus de plaisir que n\u2019importe lequel des autres : douze ans de pr\u00e9paration et deux ans d\u2019\u00e9criture. Les autres n\u2019ont pas eu besoin de pr\u00e9paration, et n\u2019en ont d\u2019ailleurs pas eu.<\/h5><\/blockquote>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;40&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26944&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mark Twain, nom de plume de Samuel Langhorne Clemens, n\u00e9 le 30 novembre 1835 \u00e0 Florida dans le Missouri (\u00c9tats-Unis) et mort le 21 avril 1910 \u00e0 Redding dans le Connecticut (\u00c9tats-Unis), est un \u00e9crivain, essayiste et humoriste am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Apr\u00e8s avoir fait une carri\u00e8re de militaire, \u00e9t\u00e9 imprimeur et journaliste chez les mineurs du Nevada, il se fait conna\u00eetre par son roman <em>Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer<\/em> (1876) et sa suite, <em>Les Aventures de Huckleberry Finn<\/em> (1884).<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mark Twain est issu d\u2019une famille install\u00e9e de longue date sur le continent am\u00e9ricain, dont la trajectoire a \u00e9pous\u00e9 le front pionnier dessin\u00e9 par les colons. L\u2019environnement de l\u2019enfance de Twain est donc le monde de \u00ab la Fronti\u00e8re \u00bb am\u00e9ricaine. Toutefois, la famille Clemens, tout comme Twain lui-m\u00eame une fois parvenu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge adulte, ne compte pas aux rangs des aventuriers et des d\u00e9fricheurs partis \u00e0 l\u2019avant-garde du mouvement de colonisation vers l\u2019Ouest. Elle s\u2019est gliss\u00e9e dans le sillage de ce vaste mouvement de population et s\u2019est install\u00e9e sur des terres d\u00e9j\u00e0 travaill\u00e9es par les colons o\u00f9 la vie sociale est d\u00e9j\u00e0 relativement stabilis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sa m\u00e8re, Jane Lampton, est n\u00e9e dans le Kentucky au sein d\u2019une famille qui fait vraisemblablement partie des premi\u00e8res g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de pionniers \u00e0 franchir la cha\u00eene des Appalaches ; la l\u00e9gende familiale lui pr\u00eate une lointaine ascendance avec les Lampton, ducs de Durham.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La branche paternelle de la famille est originaire du Sud du pays. Son grand-p\u00e8re, fermier en Virginie, migre vers le Kentucky au d\u00e9but du xixe si\u00e8cle pour y devenir percepteur (commissioner of revenue). Le p\u00e8re de Twain, John Marshall Clemens, fait des \u00e9tudes de droit dans l&#8217;Est puis revient dans le Comt\u00e9 d&#8217;Adair (Kentucky) o\u00f9 il \u00e9pouse Jane Lampton en 1823. Il exerce la fonction d\u2019\u00ab attorney \u00bb et court sa vie durant apr\u00e8s la fortune. Sa qu\u00eate le m\u00e8ne successivement dans le Tennessee, \u00e0 Gainesboro puis \u00e0 Jamestown dans le Fentress County, o\u00f9 il investit ses \u00e9conomies dans 75.000 acres de terres. Le faible nombre d\u2019affaires de justice \u00e0 traiter le pousse \u00e0 la reconversion : il se fait marchand, en ouvrant un magasin d\u2019approvisionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, typique de la fronti\u00e8re. Il tente sa chance dans plusieurs localit\u00e9s du Tennessee puis rejoint John Adams Quarles, le beau-fr\u00e8re de sa femme, dans le Missouri sur les conseils de ce dernier. Le village de Florida (comt\u00e9 de Monroe) dans lequel la famille s\u2019installe est le th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la naissance de Samuel Langhorn Clemens, le cinqui\u00e8me enfant de la famille.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mark Twain a pr\u00e9tendu ult\u00e9rieurement avoir eu un fr\u00e8re jumeau (d&#8217;o\u00f9 viendrait son pseudonyme), et il a r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises une histoire invent\u00e9e de toutes pi\u00e8ces o\u00f9 son fr\u00e8re se serait noy\u00e9 dans une baignoire : \u00ab Vous comprenez, nous \u00e9tions jumeaux \u2014 le d\u00e9funt \u2014 et moi \u2014 et on nous a m\u00e9lang\u00e9s dans la baignoire quand nous n\u2019avions que deux semaines, et l\u2019un de nous s\u2019est noy\u00e9. Mais nous ne savions pas lequel. Certains pensent que c\u2019\u00e9tait Bill. D\u2019autres pensent que c\u2019\u00e9tait moi. \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En mars 1847, son p\u00e8re meurt d\u2019une pneumonie. Sa disparition bouleverse la vie de la famille Clemens. Au mois de mai de l\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, le futur Mark Twain, \u00e2g\u00e9 de douze ans, quitte l\u2019\u00e9cole et devient apprenti typographe dans l\u2019imprimerie locale. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut d\u2019\u00eatre agr\u00e9able, le m\u00e9tier qu\u2019il exp\u00e9rimente est \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque susceptible d\u2019offrir des revenus r\u00e9guliers. Chaque village de quelque importance poss\u00e8de en effet au moins un journal. \u00c0 partir de 1850, le jeune homme travaille pour le Western Union, un hebdomadaire dont son fr\u00e8re a\u00een\u00e9, Orion, est le fondateur. Il y r\u00e9dige ses premiers papiers et s\u2019impr\u00e8gne des techniques et des th\u00e8mes journalistiques de son temps, \u00e0 une p\u00e9riode o\u00f9 l\u2019abondance de la production et un syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9change gratuit facilitent la circulation de l\u2019information au sein de la profession.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26946&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_right&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26943&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c0 dix-huit ans, Twain quitte le Missouri, non pour rejoindre le Grand Ouest mais pour arpenter le Nord-Est des \u00c9tats-Unis en s\u2019embauchant comme typographe \u00e0 New York, Philadelphie, Washington puis Saint-Louis. Il rejoint le syndicat des typographes et fr\u00e9quente le soir les biblioth\u00e8ques publiques, d\u00e9couvrant un monde que l\u2019\u00e9cole d\u2019Hannibal ne lui avait pas laiss\u00e9 entrevoir9. Ses impressions de voyage paraissent sous forme d\u2019articles dans un journal de Muscatine, la nouvelle entreprise de son fr\u00e8re Orion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En juin 1855, il s\u2019installe comme imprimeur \u00e0 Keokuk (Iowa) o\u00f9 son fr\u00e8re le rejoint peu apr\u00e8s. Leur collaboration dure jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019hiver 1856-57. Samuel prend alors la direction de Cincinnati. Le r\u00e9cit de son s\u00e9jour para\u00eet cette fois dans un journal de Keokuk sous le pseudonyme de \u00ab Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se tournant vers le Sud, il s\u2019embarque ensuite sur le Mississippi en direction de La Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans, avec l\u2019intention probable de gagner l\u2019Amazonie. Au cours du voyage, la rencontre avec le pilote de bateau \u00e0 vapeur Horace E. Bixby le persuade cependant d\u2019\u00e9pouser la carri\u00e8re de son nouveau mentor. C&#8217;est de cette \u00e9poque que vient son pseudonyme : alors qu&#8217;il tire la corde de sondage pour v\u00e9rifier la profondeur du fleuve, son capitaine lui criait : \u00ab Mark Twain!, Mark Twain! \u00bb, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire : \u00ab Marque deux (brasses) ! \u00bb. Cela signifie \u00ab profondeur suffisante \u00bb, dans le jargon anglais dit du safe water. Il travaille sur le Mississippi jusqu\u2019au d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre de S\u00e9cession en 1861 qui interrompt le trafic sur le fleuve. Il s\u2019engage alors au sein d\u2019une milice de volontaires sudistes, les \u00ab Marion Rangers \u00bb. Le manque de fermet\u00e9 de ses convictions sudistes et la perspective de se voir incorporer dans les rangs de l\u2019arm\u00e9e conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9e le poussent \u00e0 quitter son premier engagement et \u00e0 se tourner vers les territoires de l&#8217;Ouest ; profitant de la nomination de son fr\u00e8re Orion comme secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat du Nevada, il prend la route le 28 juillet 1861. Le Nevada ayant ralli\u00e9 l&#8217;union, Mark Twain passe donc de la s\u00e9cession sudiste \u00e0 l&#8217;unionisme du nord.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26945&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_right&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26948&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En juin 1867, Samuel Clemens, mandat\u00e9 et financ\u00e9 par l&#8217;\u00e9diteur du journal \u00ab Alta California \u00bb de San Francisco pour un montant de 1250 dollars, embarque \u00e0 New York sur le Quaker City, un bateau \u00e0 vapeur qui prend le large dans l&#8217;oc\u00e9an Atlantique afin de r\u00e9aliser une croisi\u00e8re le menant en mer M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, avec des arr\u00eats en France, en Angleterre, en Italie, dans les \u00eeles grecques, en Turquie et en Terre Sainte dans l&#8217;empire ottoman.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les 52 lettres de voyage de Mark Twain, \u00e9crites dans son style humoristique et sarcastiques \u2013 car pour Twain, \u00ab rien n&#8217;est plus saint qu&#8217;une blague \u00bb \u2013, sont publi\u00e9es agr\u00e9ment\u00e9es de dessins dans le journal et re\u00e7oivent un tel accueil des lecteurs, qu&#8217;il est d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d&#8217;en faire un livre intitul\u00e9 The innocents abroad or the new pilgrims progress (Le Voyage des Innocents) qui sort en 1868, imprim\u00e9 en 70.000 exemplaires et souvent r\u00e9\u00e9dit\u00e9 depuis.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Samuel et Orion Clemens effectuent en quatorze jours le voyage \u00e0 bord d\u2019une diligence Wells Fargo, s\u2019engageant sur la piste de la Californie qui chemine par Independence Rock et Devil&#8217;s Gate (en) jusqu\u2019\u00e0 South Pass ; ils empruntent ensuite la route des Mormons, bifurquant \u00e0 Fort Bridger vers l\u2019Echo Canyon pour rejoindre Salt Lake City et finalement s\u2019arr\u00eater \u00e0 Carson City dans le Nevada, juste avant la Californie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La ville se stabilise tout juste apr\u00e8s la p\u00e9riode de grande effervescence cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte en 1859 de gisements d\u2019argent dans les monts Washoe. \u00c0 la recherche du filon cach\u00e9, une foule de d\u00e9\u00e7us de la ru\u00e9e vers l&#8217;or en Californie de 1849 et de nouveaux aventuriers attir\u00e9s par la promesse d\u2019une fortune facile ont converg\u00e9 vers la ville. Le profil de ces prospecteurs diff\u00e8re sensiblement des pionniers traditionnels qui s\u2019installent pour mettre en valeur le pays par le travail de la terre. La population de Carson City est alors essentiellement masculine ; l\u2019avidit\u00e9, la concurrence et la recherche des plaisirs faciles y maintiennent un climat de tension permanente.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Samuel Clemens est lui-m\u00eame gagn\u00e9 par la \u00ab fi\u00e8vre de l\u2019argent \u00bb ; persuad\u00e9 de faire fortune rapidement, il se lance tous azimuts dans la prospection. Ses espoirs sont d\u00e9\u00e7us ; en butte \u00e0 des difficult\u00e9s financi\u00e8res, il finit par accepter en ao\u00fbt 1862 l\u2019offre d\u2019emploi permanent que lui propose le Territorial Enterprise, un journal de la ville de Virginia City, pour lequel il \u00e9crivait jusque-l\u00e0 occasionnellement des chroniques comiques. C&#8217;est l&#8217;\u00e9poque des folles sp\u00e9culations du Nevada sur les riches mines d&#8217;argent du Comstock Lode, cot\u00e9es \u00e0 la bourse de San Francisco, racont\u00e9es avec r\u00e9alisme dans \u00c0 la dure, publi\u00e9 en 1872.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26947&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26919&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c0 partir de 1864, il exerce l\u2019activit\u00e9 de reporter \u00e0 San Francisco et se d\u00e9place en Europe en tant que correspondant de presse. Apr\u00e8s son mariage avec Olivia Langdon en 1870, il s\u2019installe \u00e0 Hartford, Connecticut. Il eut quatre enfants dont trois filles : Susan, Clara et Jeanne et un fils mort pr\u00e9matur\u00e9ment. Dans ses premiers romans, Mark Twain \u00e9voque ses voyages en Europe et en Polyn\u00e9sie (Le Voyage des innocents, 1869) en se moquant des pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s et de la conduite de ses compatriotes, ainsi que sa p\u00e9riode de chercheur d\u2019or et de journaliste sur le Comstock Lode, dans \u00c0 la dure (Mark Twain) (1872). Envoy\u00e9 par son journal en Polyn\u00e9sie en 1866, Mark Twain y passe quatre mois, sympathise avec les marins et baleiniers, loue un cheval, et constate le d\u00e9clin dramatique de la population d&#8217;origine, les Kanaka Maoli. Il en rapporte des reportages et une s\u00e9rie de lettres publi\u00e9es par le Sacramento Union, puis rassembl\u00e9es dans un livre en 1947, Letters from Hawa\u00ef.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">C\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses deux romans Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer (1876) et Les Aventures de Huckleberry Finn (1885) qu\u2019il acquiert la c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 comme \u00e9crivain humoriste. Mark Twain \u00e9crit cependant, dans la seconde partie de son \u0153uvre des textes plus graves d\u00e9non\u00e7ant avec pessimisme les exc\u00e8s de la civilisation et l\u2019immoralit\u00e9 \u00e9rig\u00e9e en morale.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le 7 janvier 1943, \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2ge de 86 ans, pauvre et isol\u00e9, Nikola Tesla mourut \u00e0 New York (o\u00f9 il avait v\u00e9cu presque 60 ans). Son h\u00e9ritage, en revanche, a travers\u00e9 plus d&#8217;un si\u00e8cle, et perdurera certainement dans les d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De nombreux livres et films se sont pench\u00e9s sur sa vie et ses c\u00e9l\u00e8bres travaux, notamment <em>Nikola Tesla, The Genius Who Lit the World (Nikola Tesla, le g\u00e9nie qui \u00e9claira le monde)<\/em>, un film r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par la Tesla Memorial Society et le mus\u00e9e Nikola Tesla \u00e0 Belgrade, en Serbie ; ainsi que&nbsp;<em>The Secret of Nikola Tesla (Le secret de Nikola Tesla)<\/em>, avec Orson Welles dans le r\u00f4le de John Pierpont Morgan (J.P. Morgan). Plus r\u00e9cemment, une plaque de rue intitul\u00e9e \u201cNikola Tesla Corner\u201d (&#8220;angle Nikola Tesla&#8221;) a \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de l&#8217;intersection entre la 40th Street et la 6th Avenue \u00e0 New York, en hommage \u00e0 l&#8217;inventeur.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26950&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;26949&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de sa vie sont marqu\u00e9es par une reconnaissance mondiale : il est une des plus grandes figures litt\u00e9raires de son \u00e9poque et fait entre 1895 et 1896 une tourn\u00e9e de conf\u00e9rences \u00e0 travers le monde salu\u00e9e par les critiques et couronn\u00e9e de succ\u00e8s. Cependant, la fin de sa vie est assombrie par des ennuis financiers, ainsi que par la mort d&#8217;une de ses filles \u00e0 24 ans caus\u00e9e par une m\u00e9ningite, puis la mort de sa femme. Il perd une seconde fille, \u00e2g\u00e9e de 29 ans, noy\u00e9e dans sa baignoire \u00e0 la suite d&#8217;une crise d&#8217;\u00e9pilepsie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il meurt d&#8217;une crise cardiaque le 21 avril 1910 \u00e0 Redding (Connecticut), le lendemain du passage de la com\u00e8te de Halley \u00e0 son p\u00e9rih\u00e9lie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il avait d\u00e9clar\u00e9 un an plus t\u00f4t : \u00ab Je vins au monde avec la com\u00e8te de Halley en 1835. Elle reviendra l\u2019ann\u00e9e prochaine, et je m\u2019attends \u00e0 partir avec elle. Le Tout-Puissant a dit : \u201cVoyez donc ces deux monstres inexplicables ; ils sont venus ensemble, ils doivent repartir ensemble\u201d. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"ngg-galleria-parent nextgen_pro_horizontal_filmstrip\"\n     data-id=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\"\n     id=\"displayed_gallery_b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n\t<div class=\"ngg-galleria\"><\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"ngg-galleria-offscreen-seo-wrapper\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/author-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/author-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_author-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1258\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/author-mark-twain.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" style=\"max-width:260px;max-height:260px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/author-mark-twain.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/author-mark-twain.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1259\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"425\" height=\"587\" style=\"max-width:425px;max-height:587px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Beckwith-Mark-Twain-Portrait.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1260\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"1324\" height=\"1600\" style=\"max-width:1324px;max-height:1600px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Centennial-Twain-Twain-and-Friend.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/DevilsGate.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/DevilsGate.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_DevilsGate.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1261\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/DevilsGate.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" style=\"max-width:500px;max-height:375px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/DevilsGate.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/DevilsGate.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1262\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"440\" height=\"297\" style=\"max-width:440px;max-height:297px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/House-of-Mark-Twain.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/lanann-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/lanann-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_lanann-mark-twain.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1263\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/lanann-mark-twain.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"1646\" height=\"1011\" style=\"max-width:1646px;max-height:1011px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/lanann-mark-twain.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/lanann-mark-twain.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1264\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"340\" height=\"400\" style=\"max-width:340px;max-height:400px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-The-Innocents-Abroad.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-1863.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-1863.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-1863.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1265\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-1863.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"130\" height=\"151\" style=\"max-width:130px;max-height:151px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-1863.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-1863.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1266\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"440\" height=\"308\" style=\"max-width:440px;max-height:308px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-birthplace.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1267\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"340\" height=\"453\" style=\"max-width:340px;max-height:453px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-Abdullah-Fre%CC%80res-1867.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1268\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"340\" height=\"419\" style=\"max-width:340px;max-height:419px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-by-GH-Jones-1850.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/mark-twain-cappy.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/mark-twain-cappy.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_mark-twain-cappy.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1269\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/mark-twain-cappy.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"1276\" height=\"1600\" style=\"max-width:1276px;max-height:1600px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/mark-twain-cappy.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/mark-twain-cappy.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n               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src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-DLitt.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-DLitt.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1271\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"440\" height=\"609\" style=\"max-width:440px;max-height:609px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain-Sarony.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Mark-Twain.jpg\"\n           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src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/SamuelC-Grave.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/SamuelC-Grave.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/The-innocents-abroad-1897.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/The-innocents-abroad-1897.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_The-innocents-abroad-1897.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1274\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                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data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain-in-Teslas-Lab.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Twain-in-Teslas-Lab.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1275\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain-in-Teslas-Lab.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"440\" height=\"295\" style=\"max-width:440px;max-height:295px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain-in-Teslas-Lab.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain-in-Teslas-Lab.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Twain.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1276\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"2609\" height=\"3452\" style=\"max-width:2609px;max-height:3452px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Twain.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg\"\n               title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg\"\n               data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/thumbs\/thumbs_Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg\"\n               data-image-id=\"1277\"\n               data-title=\"Mark Twain\"\n               data-description=\"Mark Twain\"\n                class=\"ngg-fancybox\" rel=\"b9167dcec33f6d3e08b93d0e303ec308\">\n                <picture>\n\t\n<source srcset='https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg' media=''>\n<img title=\"Mark Twain\" alt=\"Mark Twain\" width=\"440\" height=\"593\" style=\"max-width:440px;max-height:593px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/mark-twain\/Zenos-Frudakis-Mark-Twain-Lotos.jpg\" onerror=\"nggRetryFailedImage(this);\"\/>\n<\/picture>            <\/a>\n                <\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_separator type=&#8221;transparent&#8221; down=&#8221;84&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mark Twain est un \u00e9crivain, essayiste et humoriste am\u00e9ricain. Apr\u00e8s avoir fait une carri\u00e8re de militaire, \u00e9t\u00e9 imprimeur et journaliste chez les mineurs du Nevada, il se fait conna\u00eetre par son roman Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer et Les Aventures de Huckleberry Finn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":16021,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"tags":[9420,9045,10140,9416],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26910"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26910"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26910\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26977,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26910\/revisions\/26977"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}