{"id":20318,"date":"2017-12-28T13:46:40","date_gmt":"2017-12-28T12:46:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/?page_id=20318"},"modified":"2021-12-04T14:17:36","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T13:17:36","slug":"max-muller","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/auteurs\/max-muller\/","title":{"rendered":"Friedrich Max M\u00fcller"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;15&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column]<blockquote class=' with_quote_icon' style=''><i class='fa fa-quote-right' style=''><\/i><h5 class='blockquote-text' style=''>Dans son Introduction \u00e0 la philosophie v\u00e9danta, Max M\u00fcller consid\u00e9rait le Vedanta comme \u00ab la philosophie la plus sublime et la religion la plus satisfaisante \u00bb.<\/h5><\/blockquote>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;40&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21593&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Friedrich Max M\u00fcller&nbsp;(<time class=\"nowrap date-lien bday\" datetime=\"1823-12-06\" data-sort-value=\"1823-12-06\">6&nbsp;d\u00e9cembre&nbsp;1823<\/time>&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<time class=\"nowrap date-lien dday\" datetime=\"1900-10-28\" data-sort-value=\"1900-10-28\">28&nbsp;octobre&nbsp;1900<\/time>), plus connu sous le nom de&nbsp;Max M\u00fcller, \u00e9tait un&nbsp;philologue&nbsp;et&nbsp;orientaliste&nbsp;allemand, l&#8217;un des fondateurs des&nbsp;\u00e9tudes indiennes&nbsp;et de la&nbsp;mythologie compar\u00e9e. Ses propres interpr\u00e9tations (aussi appel\u00e9es&nbsp;<i>mythologie solaire<\/i>) furent critiqu\u00e9es par la suite mais il avait introduit un nouveau domaine d&#8217;\u00e9tude comparatiste.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fils du po\u00e8te romantique&nbsp;Wilhelm M\u00fcller, M\u00fcller connaissait&nbsp;Felix Mendelssohn&nbsp;et&nbsp;Carl Maria von Weber&nbsp;fut son parrain. Mais \u00e0 l&#8217;universit\u00e9 de&nbsp;Leipzig, il quitta la musique pour l&#8217;\u00e9tude du&nbsp;sanskrit&nbsp;et de la&nbsp;mythologie indienne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En&nbsp;1844, il se rendit \u00e0&nbsp;Berlin&nbsp;pour \u00e9tudier sous la direction de&nbsp;Schelling, dont la&nbsp;<i>Naturphilosophie<\/i>&nbsp;influen\u00e7a sa pens\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En&nbsp;1846, il vint en Angleterre pour \u00e9tudier des documents indiens et il devait y vivre le restant de ses jours. Il devint professeur de philologie compar\u00e9e \u00e0 Oxford puis professeur de th\u00e9ologie compar\u00e9e (1868-75). Il analysait les mythologies comme des rationalisations de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels, les d\u00e9buts primitifs de la science dans une perspective \u00e9volutionniste. Ce mod\u00e8le est la partie de son \u0153uvre qui semble avoir le plus vieilli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00fcller cherchait notamment \u00e0 \u00e9tudier dans les textes de la culture&nbsp;v\u00e9dique&nbsp;les fondements des cultures indo-europ\u00e9ennes en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Il pr\u00e9para une \u00e9dition critique des&nbsp;Rig-V\u00e9da&nbsp;qui lui prit pr\u00e8s de 25&nbsp;ans (1849 &#8211; 1874).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il fut aussi un romancier et son roman&nbsp;<i>Deutsche Liebe<\/i>&nbsp;eut un certain succ\u00e8s. M\u00fcller fut aussi li\u00e9 \u00e0 des intellectuels indiens comme les dirigeants du&nbsp;Brahmo Samaj&nbsp;et aux tentatives indiennes de&nbsp;syncr\u00e9tisme.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21591&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_right&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21590&#8243; img_size=&#8221;medium&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; style=&#8221;vc_box_rounded&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_left&#8221; transition_delay=&#8221;0.3&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pour M\u00fcller, la culture indienne v\u00e9dique repr\u00e9sente une adoration de la nature et les dieux sont des forces actives de la nature qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 personnifi\u00e9es, des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes physiques convertis en personnages.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00fcller r\u00e9suma sa th\u00e9orie en disant que la mythologie est une \u00ab&nbsp;maladie du langage&nbsp;\u00bb, entendant par l\u00e0 que le mythe transforme des concepts en \u00eatres et en r\u00e9cits. De son point de vue, les \u00ab&nbsp;dieux&nbsp;\u00bb n&#8217;ont d&#8217;abord \u00e9t\u00e9 que des id\u00e9es abstraites d\u00e9sign\u00e9es par des noms communs, abstractions qui se sont par la suite transform\u00e9es en personnalit\u00e9s imaginaires devenues noms propres.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"need_ref\" title=\"Ce passage n\u00e9cessite une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.\">Ainsi, le dieu-p\u00e8re des Indo-europ\u00e9ens appara\u00eet sous divers noms, Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus Pitar. Tous ces noms viennent du mot <i>Dyaus<\/i>&nbsp;qu&#8217;il analyse comme \u00ab&nbsp;brillance&nbsp;\u00bb et qui donne les mots &#8216;deva&#8217;, &#8216;deus&#8217;, &#8216;theos&#8217; comme noms communs pour un dieu, et les noms de &#8216;Zeus&#8217; et &#8216;Jupiter&#8217;. Ainsi une m\u00e9taphore devient ossifi\u00e9e, comme dans certaines id\u00e9es de&nbsp;Nietzsche.<\/span>&nbsp;En revanche, ses th\u00e9ories sur les cultures originelles \u00ab&nbsp;aryennes&nbsp;\u00bb ne s&#8217;accompagnaient pas de th\u00e8ses&nbsp;racistes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans son&nbsp;<i>Introduction \u00e0 la philosophie v\u00e9danta<\/i>, Max M\u00fcller consid\u00e9rait le&nbsp;Vedanta&nbsp;comme \u00ab&nbsp;la philosophie la plus sublime et la religion la plus satisfaisante&nbsp;\u00bb<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En hommage \u00e0 Max M\u00fcller, des&nbsp;brahmanes&nbsp;ont&nbsp;sanskritis\u00e9&nbsp;son nom en \u00ab&nbsp;<i>Moksha&nbsp;Mula<\/i> \u00bb (racine de d\u00e9livrance).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ses articles et sa correspondance sont \u00e0 la&nbsp;Bodleian Library \u00e0 Oxford.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;49&#8243; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"ngg-galleria-parent nextgen_pro_horizontal_filmstrip\"\n     data-id=\"99fcd20085b061c3f679af4ea020be12\"\n     id=\"displayed_gallery_99fcd20085b061c3f679af4ea020be12\">\n\t<div class=\"ngg-galleria\"><\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"ngg-galleria-offscreen-seo-wrapper\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/nggallery\/max-muller\/Friedrich-Max-Muller-1974-stamp-of-India.jpg\"\n               title=\"Friedrich Max Muller\"\n               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Fellowship, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside, en Californie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21597,"parent":16021,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"tags":[9990,9420,9045,9428,9416],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20318"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20318"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20318\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25699,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20318\/revisions\/25699"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16021"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21597"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20318"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discoverypublisher.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}